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「大學通議教育(含共同必修科)研究主題」研討會 1992年8月27-28

科技學科學生的通識教育:引言

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完整的教育

在準備這篇引言時,我曾請教過多位我很尊敬的朋友:「什麼是通識教育?通識教育的英文是什麼?」。可是到現在,我還是不知道通識教育的原文是什麼。有人說是 general education ,這似乎太廣了,幾近於共同科的教育。經查訪一些資料,看到了 integrated education 一詞,我倒以為它和通識教育的本質有許多共同之處,integrated education是指完整的教育;完整意味著「無缺」,不偏不倚,自己圓滿不須外求。換言之integrated education 可譯為完整的教育,意味著不僅在專業知識上有充份的內涵,在學生的人格成長上也已具足。

單一學科的教育,明顯的不是完整的教育。因此,由這個觀點來批評,不完整的教育有下列的缺點:

● ..considerable difficulty with abstracts and models that are the grounds of advanced study in the disciplines,....。

The Study Group on the Conditions of Excellence in American Higher Education 1984.

● Another problem stemming from lack of integration is distrust and suspicion。 ....They(students) consider as acceptable certain forms of "ignorance" in relationship to disciplines they regard as unessential for their professional training.

P. Ciholas,1983

不完整的教育不僅會造成學生對抽象認知能力的不足,更會引起對相關非本科行業的不信任和懷疑,因而無法在跨行業之間更上一層的整合。小圈圈、各據山頭、門戶之見由此而起。

那麼,完整的教育有什麼好處呢?且再看看下面的說法:

● Help us to focus the questions we ask. Help us to understand why a question may be crucial in one context and meaningless in the other, and how insight and ideas in seemingly unrelated disciplines can illuminate fundamental questions.

A. M. White, 1981

● Integration teaches the ability to synthesize. ... is necessary for development of judgement and for the application of academic learning to real life situations. ... benefits the intellecture growth of students. ... shows the greatest growth in critical thinking ... increases in cognitive skill,...

Group study(同前).1984

● An integrated education provides a world view of life as a totality. Overall, the link of cognitive and moral behavior, therefore, is reinforced. Only such an education can foster Kohlberg's notion of "Post conventional morality".

[註二] G.D. Baxter & C. A. Rarick, 1987

由以上這些論點,我們可歸納為:完整的教育可以:

1.補充現行教育之不足,

2.增加學生對知識的興趣(intellectual curiousity),以及增進其創造力(creativity)、綜合能力(the abilityto synthesize)、判斷力(the ability to judge)、批判能力(growth in critical thinking)、和認知之技巧congitive skills),等等。

3.增進學生在人格上的成長,使所知與生活合而為一,增進人格成熟(maturity)的程度;促進師生間良好的互動關係。

4.可避免各學科之間之隔核,不信任和懷疑;並促進跨學科間之合作與發展。

上述的這些好處,是不是可以作為我們規劃通識教育時之標的(goals )呢?折或是作為評估通識教育之項目?


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